EFI References -- Sources of Information on Engine Management

This is a list of books and articles gathered from the diy_efi list. If you have any other titles, please let me know.
Currently maintained by Mark Wilcutts

Books


Many of these books can be ordered directly from the SAE bookstore or from internet bookstores like Amazon.com.
Adler, Ulrich, Electronic Gasoline Fuel-Injection System with Lambda Closed-Loop Control, L-Jetronic:  Technical Instruction, Robert Bosch GmbH, 1985, ISBN 1-85-226008-4.
Yellow book, 20 numbered pages; "English translation of the German edition dated: September 1985."
Adler, Ulrich, Mechanical Gasoline Fuel-Injection System with Lambda Closed-Loop Control, K-Jetronic:  Technical Instruction, Robert Bosch GmbH, 1981, ISBN 1-85-226030-0.
Yellow book, 24 numbered pages; "English translation of the 2nd German edition dated:  September 1985."
 Adler, Ulrich, Combined Ignition and Fuel-Injection System with Lambda Closed-Loop Control, Motronic:  Technical Instruction, Robert Bosch GmbH, 1985, ISBN 1-85-226009-2.
Yellow book, 44 numbered pages; "English translation of the 2nd German edition from September 1985."
 Adler et al, Automotive Electric/Electronic Systems, Robert Bosch GmbH, 1988, ISBN 0-89883-509-7.
The "red" handbook. Covers all forms of automotive systems.  Good general reading with excellent coverage of basic functions like starters, alternators, ignition, spark plugs.  Covers some detail of Bosch's fuel injection systems.  Available from the SAE on sale for $19 (order B-528).
Adler et al, Automotive Handbook, 3rd Edition, Robert Bentley, Cambridge, MA, 1993, ISBN 0-8376-0330-7.
The "blue" handbook which used to be pocket size.  Covers all forms of automotive design and systems.  Good reference source, expressed in metric.  Has conversion tables. Covers materials well.  Some data on emissions (478-489) similar to 2nd Edition.  Also has data on some of the representative automobiles from various world companies in back section.   Available from the SAE for $29 (order BOSCH3). Price for SAE members is $23.
Adler,  Emission Control for Spark-Ignition Engines, "Bosch Technical Instruction", Robert Bosch, Stuttgart, Germany, 1985.
Covers basics of emissions, EGR, and catalytic converters.  Also briefly covers K-Jetronic, KE-Jetronic, L-Jetronic, LH-Jetronic, Mono-Jetronic, and Motronic systems.  Sections on other measures, testing and regulations.
Adler, U., Battery Ignition Systems, "Bosch Technical Instruction", Robert Bosch, Stuttgart, Germany, 1971.
Covers the basics of ignition systems in basic breaker systems and simple electronic versions.  Good general data on spark requirements.
Adler, U., Electronic Battery-Ignition Systems, "Bosch Technical Instruction", Robert Bosch, Stuttgart, Germany, 1976.
Covers more advanced electronic ignition systems.  Good general data on spark requirements.
Bell, Corky, Maximum Boost: Designing, Testing, and Installing Turbocharger Systems, Robert Bentley, 1997, ISBN 0-8376-0160-6
Lots of good info on turbos and system design.  Sizing, fueling, IC selection, volume considerations, cooling, system layout, etc., etc. Shows several examples of turbo systems and also shows how *not* to do things.
Bosch Electronic Fuel Injection Systems, Shop Manual, , Motorbooks International, Osceola, Wisconsin, 1986, ISBN 0-87938-237-6.
Maintenance manual for Audi, BMW, Cadillac, Datsun, Mercedes, Opel, Porsche, Renault, Saab, Volkswagen, and Volvo, model years 1970-1979.
Hartman, Jeff, Fuel injection - Installation, Performance Tuning, Modifications, ISBN 0-87938-743-2, Motorbooks international, PO Box 1, Osceola, WI 54020, 1-800-826-6600
Probably the best value for money book on EFI. The book has snippets of everything - If it had detail on all the subjects it mentioned it would be the definitive reference. The audience is intended as street rodders mainly, but there are good bits and pieces for the DIY-EFI'er. Recommended Price $19.95 US.
Heisler, Heinz, Advanced Engine Technology, ISBN 1-56091-734-2, 1995.
A very nice book on all types of engine technology, has chapter on fuel injection that describes Bosch systems in some detail, and a chapter on ignition systems. Available from the SAE.
Heywood, J.B., Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill, USA, ISBN 0-07-028637-x, 1988.
College text on IC engine design and theory.  General reference on engine topics, also contains many references to other works.  Available from the SAE for $85 (order B-526).
Laser/Talon Tech Info Manual
Call 1-800-626-1523 and ask for part number 81-699-9039.  Shipping will probably be more than the cost of this ~200 page book.  They take plastic.
Lenz, D.H.P., Mixture Formation in Spark-Ignition Engines, SAE, Warrendale, PA, ISBN 1-56091-188-3, 1992.
Excellent text on carburation, combustion and fuel injection concepts. Some important data on emissions (pp. 70-74, 249-251) with description of trends over years.  This book also published by  Springer-Verlag/Wien, NY, who translated it from German (Lenz, Gemischbildung bei Ottomotoren) in 1990.  Available from SAE for $99 (order R-113).  Price for SAE members is $88.
Mitchell International, Inc., Mitchell's Electronic Fuel Injection Troubleshooting Guide: Import Vehicles, Fisher Books, Tucson, Arizona, 1989, ISBN 1-55561-031-5.
Chapter contents include Bosch D, K, KE, L, LH, and Digifant (Japanese and European); Daihatsu; Honda PGM-FI; Isuzu I-TEC; Lucas-Bosch; Mazda RE-EGI; Mitsubishi ECI and MPFI; Nissan TBI; Subaru SPFI;  this book has the EFI system wiring diagrams of many import cars.
Mitchell International, Inc., Mitchell's Electronic Fuel Injection Troubleshooting Guide: Domestic Vehicles, Fisher Books, Tucson, Arizona, 1991, ISBN 1-55561-032-3.
Chapter contents include AMC/Jeep; AMC; AMC/RENIX; AMC/RENIX II; Bosch; Chrysler; Eagle; Ford; GM; this book has the EFI system wiring diagrams of many domestic cars.
Norbye, Jan P., Automotive Fuel Injection Systems, A Technical Guide, Motorbooks International, Osceola, Wisconsin, 1981, ISBN 0-87938-139-6.
Primarily a history and description of fuel injection systems, includes chapters on Bosch Mechanical Systems for Mercedes-Benz Cars, Kugelfischer Fuel Injection, Rochester Fuel Injection, The Bendix Electrojector, Cadillac and the Bendix Analog and Digital Fuel-Injection Systems, Bosch L- and K-Jetronic, Motronic, Mono-Jetronic, Lucas Digital Fuel Injection, Chrysler's Single-Point Injection; Ford's Electronic Engine Control System, Zenith Fuel Management Systems, Fiat/Marelli Experimental System, Bosch / Pierburg Electronic Carburetor, Aftermarket Fuel Injection.
Probst, Charles O., Bosch Fuel Injection & Engine Management, Robert Bentley, Cambridge, MA, ISBN 0-8376-0300-5, 1989.
Covers most of the Bosch systems from D-Jetronic through Motronic. Covers variety of vehicles.  Has good section in beginning on combustion and emissions information, but a better description is in other BOSCH texts and sources.  Available from the SAE on sale for $19 (order B-557).
Probst, Charles O., Ford Fuel Injection & Electronic Engine Control, 1980-1987: How to Understand, Service and Modify, Robert Bentley, Cambridge, MA, ISBN 0-8376-0302-1.
Covers basic engine control theory and Ford systems to 1988. Excellent book on topic. Similar to author's other work on Bosch systems.
Probst, Charles O., Ford Fuel Injection & Electronic Engine Control 1988-1993: How to Understand, Service, and Modify, Robert Bentley, Cambridge, MA,  ISBN 0-8376-0301-3, 1995.
Ribbens, William B., Mansour, Norman P., et al, Understanding Automotive Electronics, third edition, Howard W. Sams & Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1988, ISBN 0-672-27064-6.
Contents include: Automotive Fundamentals, The Systems Approach to Control and Instrumentation, Electronics Fundamentals, Microcomputer Instrumentation and Control, Sensors and Actuators, The Basics of Electronic Engine Control, Digital Engine Control System, Vehicle Motion Control, Automotive Instrumentation, Diagnostics, Future Automotive Electronics Systems.
SAE, On-Board Diagnostics for Light and Medium Duty Vehicles Standards Manual, SAE HS-3000
Contains set of 12 SAE Standards pertaining to OBD-II systems, including J1850-Communication Protocol, J1930-Terms and Definitions, J1962-Diagnostic Connector, J1978-OBDII Scan Tool, J1979-Diagnostic Test Modes, J2012-Diagnostic Trouble Codes. 254 pages, paperbound. Order from SAE, $79.
Watson, Ben, How to Tune and Modify Bosch Fuel Injection, Motorbooks International, Osceola, WI, ISBN 0-87938-570-7, 1992.
Covers most of the Bosch systems from D-Jetronic through LH-Jetronic. Mainly aimed at VW.  Has good section in beginning on testing electronic components.  Minimal amount of emissions information  - better description is in other BOSCH texts and sources.  Cost $19.95 in 1994.
Watson, Ben, How to Tune and Modify Ford Fuel Injection, Motorbooks International, Osceola, Wisconsin, 1992, ISBN 0-87938-621-5.
"For Fuel-Injected Ford Cars and Trucks with EEC III and EEC IV Engine Maintenance Systems,"  chapters include History of Fuel Injection, Brief Overview of  Electronics, Tools, Tuning the Fuel-injected Engine, Automotive Emissions, EEC III, EEC IV Components and Operation, EEC IV Onboard Diagnostics, Troubleshooting by Symptom, Performance Modifications, Legalities of Engine Modification. The performance chapter is weak, only 10 pages.
Watson, Ben, How to Repair and Modify Chevrolet Fuel Injection, Motorbooks International, Osceola, Wisconsin, 1991, ISBN 0-87938-502-2.
Westbrook, M. H. and J.D.Turner, Automotive sensors, Institute of Physics Pub., c1994.
Physical principles of many types of engine sensors

Papers

This is a collection of papers that have been referenced on the mailing list at some point in time. To see possibly more extensive comments, do a context search of the archive for the paper number.
 

SAE papers are available from the SAE (412)776-4970,  Fax (412)776-0790 , http://www.sae.org/PRODSERV/papers/paprinfo/pap_indx.htm
Papers are $6 a piece for SAE members, $12 for non-members. Many engineering schools will have the Special Publications (collections of papers), and papers themselves on microfiche.
SAE's web site also has a free (free, from SAE?) index of papers published in the last year . Be aware that most SAE papers are from conference where research is presented, and not necessarily useful for finding hard information on current EFI systems.

Electronic Engine Controls. SAE Special Publications.
Annual collections of papers from the SAE International Congress and Exposition. Mostly articles on nifty research done in universities and at motor companies.
750346 "HEI-A New Ignition System Through New Technology"
It covers the charge time question as well as their solution.  It describes some really clever innovations: adjustable dwell depending on how near saturation, a 5.5 amp limit in the driver so you could have a low resistance for fast saturation times at high speeds, but that wouldn't fry at low speeds.
790742 "Ford's 1980 Central Fuel Injection System", Czadzeck and Reid from Ford.
Readable paper on the Ford CFI 5.0L 1980 cars. It covers most of the 'twiddle factors' required to get the vehicle running properly.
800164 "Throttle Body Fuel Injection (TBI) an Integrated Engine Control System"
Covers GM TBI system.  Easy reading. Also in SAE Trans. Vol. 89.
800468 "Hot Wire Air Mass Meter - A New Air Flow Meter for Gasoline Fuel Injection Systems", Sauer, Rudolf, from Bosch.
This paper appears to be one of the first on MAF meters - the classical Bosch design with the thin platinum wire in the direct air flow.  It has many equations explaining its operation.
810449 "Mathematical Model of a Throttle Body Fuel Injection System"
Discusses effect of battery voltage on injectors and fuel pump pressure
810494 "Transient A/F Control Characteristics of the 5 Liter Central Fuel Injection Engine"
also in SP-487 and SAE Trans, Vol. 90
810495 "Transient Mixture Strength Excursions - an Investigation of their Causes and the Development of a Constant Mixture Strength Fueling Strategy"
Also in SP-487 and SAE Trans., Vol 90.
830615 "Hot Wire Air Flow Meter for Engine Control System", Nishimura, Ohyama, Sasayama, et al. from Hitachi.
This paper describes the Hitachi type MAF, which measures air flow in a bypass air passage.  I believe that this type of MAF is being used on Ford cars, starting with the Mustang GT in 1987.
840137 "Bosch Mass Air Flow Meter: Status and Further Aspects", Sumai and Sauer from Bosch.
Discusses flow passages, air flow around the thermal element, use of wire grid in the air flow stream, mechanical forces on the sensor element, dirt build up on the thermal sensor element, response rate, velocity profiles, and influence of altitude on intake manifold pulsations.  Actual test data is provided.
850044 sect7
Toyota lean burn combustion system - contains info about the lean burn mix sensor and lean A/F ratio calibration map, comparison between sequential and simultaneous EFI on torque fluctuation and misfire limit. Helical port vs. straight port on torque. It also has a guide of optimum injection timing on seq EFI for various speed and load. Very interesting and easy to read report!
850074 sect 1
Effects of intake valve closing times on combustion.
850293
A new low pressuse single point inj. system (Bosch Monotronic). A guide for you guys who by some reason want to calculate w/o MAF or MAP. Open or closed loop.
850293
Soot formation on multipoint fuel inj engine. A very comprehensive report from GM on the very delicate topic injector aiming. It also tests the effect of sequential injection timing on emmision. In the closing they wrote "...injection targeting is the most significant parameter to reduce smoke and HC in MPFI engines".
851674
Fuel atomization
851675
Toyota central injection system.
870128
Fuel inj on 4 valve eng. A Nissan report about the problems with transient enrichment and fuellag. Also a good comparison between different injection methods on emissions and fuel economy. Fuel pushback and timing, uneveness between cylinders etc. A must for the serious DIY-EFI'er.
880561 "Frequency Domain Characterization of Mass Flow Sensors", W. C. Follmer.
890298 "Switching Controlled Thermal Mass Air Flow Sensor", Tanimoto, Bessho, Inada from Mitsubishi Electric.
(Also available in SP-771 - Sensors and Actuators: 1989).  Discusses a typical MAF meter using a switching transistor to supply the voltage to the heated wire.  This reduces power consumption.  The output of the meter is a digital signal, with the pulse width related to the flow rate.  One advantage of  this type of meter is that the EFI computer does not need an analog to digital converter to acquire the data - it can use a digital counter.
890301 "A Hot Wire Air Flow Meter for Intake Air Flow Measurement" Nishimura, Ohyama, et al. from Hitachi.
Paper "outlines the development status of the Hitachi hot wire air flow meter".  Also covered are "approaches to improve response time" and "to avoid deterioration in the measurement accuracy caused by dirt deposits on the hot wire probe".
890459 "Combined Boost Pressure and Knock Control System for S.I. Engines Including 3-D Maps for Control Parameters" Rohde and Philipp.
(Also available in SP-780).  Authors are from Bosch.   This paper discusses the Motronic EFI system with knock sensor and turbo boost pressure control; good info on control methods.
900258 "Hot Wire Air Flow Meter for Engine Control Systems" Takahashi, Tsuruoka, Nishimura, et al. from Hitachi.
Discusses a new type of wire probe, resulting in improved response time.
900259 "Advanced Design for Bypass Type of Hot-Wire Air Flow Meter" Arai, Sekine, et al. from Hitachi.
(Also available in SP-805 - Sensors and Actuators 1990.)  Discusses a bypass type MAF meter integrated into a throttle body.
900488 "Combustion Knock Sensing:  Sensor Selection and Application Issues" Dues, Adams, and  Shinkle from Delco-Remy (now Delphi).
Discusses basic knock phenomena, sensor types, application issues, process flowchart, location selection, sensor selection criteria, sensor comparisons, popular misconceptions.
900616 "Mean Value Modelling of Spark Ignition Engines" Hendricks and Sorenson.
Technical University of Denmark researchers explore mathematical models of engine processes.
900780 "On-Chip Realtime Operating System for the Engine Control System" Matsubara, Kuwahara, and Gerhard from NEC Electronics.
Discusses the "NEC uPD78602 16-Bit Single-Chip Microcomputer that incorporates a real-time operating system as firmware (alias Realtime Task Manager: RTM) as an example.")
910258 "SI Engine Control and Mean Value Modeling" Hendricks and Sorenson from TU Denmark.
Discusses modeling intake manifold and fuel film dynamics. SS and transient fueling strategies, lambda control, idle-speed control.
910259 "A PC Engine Control Development System", Lillelund and Hendricks from TU Denmark.
Describes interfacing an engine with PC running a  realtime operating system
910501 "Air-Fuel Ratio Sensor Utilizing Ion Transporation in Zirconia Electrolyte", Sasayama, et al.from Hitachi.
Analysis of the behavior of ion transport, examines exhaust composition effects on sensor output.
920289 "Operating Characteristics of Zirconia Galvanic Cells (Lambda Sensors) in Automotive Closed-Loop Emission Control Systems",
Bozek, Evans, Tyree, and Zerafa of the US EPA.
Simple tests were performed to investigate the operating characteristics of commercial oxygen sensors. Sensors exposed to typical gaseous components of exhaust gas mixtures had maximum voltages when hydrogen, and, in some instances, carbon monoxide, was available for reaction with atmospheric oxygen that migrated through the cells’ ceramic thimbles in ionic form. Dependence of galvanic activity on the availability of reducing agents indicates that the cells are voltaic devices which operate as oxidation/reduction reaction cells, rather than simple oxygen concentration cells.
930352 "Static Characteristics of ZrO2 Exhaust Gas Oxygen Sensors", Wang, Soltis, Logothetis, Cook, and Hamburg from Ford.
Results of laboratory studies of the static characteristics of several different commercial heated exhaust gas oxygen sensors. In these studies, the emf of the sensors was measured as a function of temperature and of the composition of calibrated gas mixtures. Several different binary gas mixtures (H2/N2, CO/N2. C3H6/N2, C3H8/N2. and CH4/N2) were used together with a variable amount of O2. Whereas at high temperatures thermodynamic equilibrium appears to prevail, clear departures are observed at some lower temperatures. This behavior is manifested by shifts of the emf step away from stoichiometry, broadening of the step, abnormally high emf values in excess oxygen mixtures, and abnormally low emf values in reducing gas mixtures.
930856 "Transient A/F Ratio Errors in Conventional SI engine Controllers", Hendricks, Jensen, et al. from TU Denmark.
Extensive tests of model-based fuel control algorithms.
940373 "Adaptive Air-Fuel Ratio Control of a Spark-Ignition Engine", Ault, Jones, Powell,and  Franklin.
Stanford researchers propose an adaptive control system.
940379 "A New Combustion Pressure Sensor for Advanced Engine Management", Herden and Kuessel from Bosch.
Describes a new pressure sensor that they use for misfire detection, knock control, ignition control, etc. I have a feeling that you may be seeing these in pass. cars in the not too distant future. Still some signal processing circuitry required but the price has to be better than a PCB or Kistler unit.
950531 "Estimation of the Switch Point of an Exhaust Gas Oxygen Sensor in General Exhaust Gas Environments",
Brailsford, Logothetis, Yussouff, Woestman from Ford.  Mathematical modeling and analysis of O2 sensor signals.
 
"Adaptive Transient Air-Fuel Ratio Control to Minimize Gasoline Engine Emissions", Beaumont, Noble, and Scarisbrick of Ford/Ricardo, FISITA 1992.
 "Individual Cylinder AFR Control with a Single EGO Sensor", Grizzle J, Cook J and Dobbins K, American Control Conference 1990 pp 2881-2886.
Model the delays in the engine dynamics to determine which cylinder is producing the puff of exhaust which is currently passing the EGO sensor.  The injectors can then be trimmed individually.

There are more references to SAE and IEEE papers at http://www.merkurgarage.com/encyclopedia/techart.html


Acronyms


Here's a list of acronyms relevant to EFI.   An asterisk (*) indicates terminology standardized in SAE Recommended Practice J1930.

An extensive list of acronyms used internationally is at: http://www.cybernet.dk/users/nez/forkort.htm

<Mark Wilcutts> -- Last update 12/1/98